原文擷取出處：HSW | Molly Edmonds
Hormones bear the brunt for much of what goes wrong in adolescence. Teenagers can seem like emotional time bombs, apt to explode at any minute into tears or rage. They engage in rebellious and risky behaviors, and it seems like they're always in trouble. But what these imaging studies show is that the brain may be behind much of this behavior.
青春期問題多半是因為荷爾蒙作祟。
First, let's consider the prefrontal cortex, particularly how it can aid people in understanding each other. We began this article with a song called "Parents Just Don't Understand," but as it turns out, teenagers don't understand well, either. While the Fresh Prince feels that his mother doesn't understand that the other kids will mock him for wearing outdated styles, he doesn't seem to fully listen when his mother explains her reasoning that school is not about showing off designer duds. Part of communicating with teenagers may require the insight that they're not necessarily hearing what you say.
本文開始時引用了一首叫《父母就是不理解》的歌，但事實上，青少年也不是很理解父母。與青少年的有些交流需要認清這樣一個事實：他們未必會聽取你說的話。
But it's the combination of that prefrontal cortex and a heightened need for reward that drives some of the most frustrating teenage behavior. For most adults, climbing hotel balconies or skateboarding off roofs of houses sound like awful ideas. Their prefrontal cortex curbs any impulse to do so, because the possible negative outcomes outweigh any potential thrill. But teenagers may try these things because they're seeking a buzz to satisfy that reward center, while their prefrontal cortex can't register all the risks these actions entail.
但正是前額葉皮層與強烈渴求獎勵的共同作用，促使青少年做出讓人抓狂的事情來。青少年可能會去嘗試冒險，因為他們會為滿足獎勵需求找點樂子，而其前額葉皮層又不能納入這些行為會帶來的所有風險。
This behavior is evident on a much smaller scale as well; when a teenager goes to the mall to watch a movie but comes back with an iPod, then the prefrontal cortex didn't curb the impulse buy. If a teenager spends an hour on the Internet instead of focusing on homework, it's because the teenage brain doesn't register delayed gratification. Even though the teenager can vaguely register that there will be parental punishment later on, the appeal of fun now is too strong.
因為其大腦(前額葉皮層)不能納入延遲了的滿足感，即使青年隱約知道接下來會受到父母的懲罰，只是現時的玩樂誘惑太大了。
To some extent, risk taking may be an evolutionary necessity; otherwise, the teenager would spend his whole life in the basement listening to whatever noise those crazy kids call music these days. To leave the nest, you have to get comfortable taking a few chances. But not being able to reign in thrill-seeking impulses can have devastating effects, particularly when alcohol, nicotine and drugs enter the picture. This is also around the time when teenagers get behind the wheel of a car for the first time, as well as when they might be engaging in sexual behaviors.
為了離開那個窩，你得準備好冒一冒險。但是若不能控制尋求刺激的衝動，就可能產生毀滅性的後果，尤其是當接觸到煙、酒和毒品後。這也差不多是時候讓青少年開始掌一回舵了。
Studies have shown that teenagers are more likely to become addicted to alcohol and drugs [source: Hotz]. In that developing prefrontal cortex, synapses are selected based on whether they're used or not, so behaviors that shape the brain are more likely to be maintained if started at this age. The brain is acting a bit like a sponge; it can soak up new information and change to make room for it, a concept known as plasticity.
研究表明青年人更容易對酒和毒品上癮，在前額葉皮層的成長中，神經鍵的選擇是基於其使用與否，因此，影響大腦的行為若始於這個年紀，就更有可能被保留下來。這就是大家熟知的“可塑性”。
But the teenage years don't have to be all doom and gloom -- plasticity can also help teens pick up new skills. The teen years may be the time when potential poets start scribbling furiously in notebooks and future hoops heroes start really hitting their shots. Before the brain is fully molded is a great time to take up the guitar or learn a new language. Not that teenagers will listen if you tell them this. But just knowing that the teenage brain needs more time and experience to develop may help both parent and child survive adolescence. After all, the Fresh Prince seems to be doing pretty well these days.
青春歲月倒不一定就一片黯淡，“可塑性”也可幫助青少年學會新技術，這個時期可能就是未來詩人在本子上激情塗抹的開始，也可能是未來投籃高手真正投籃得手的開始。
青春期問題多半是因為荷爾蒙作祟。
First, let's consider the prefrontal cortex, particularly how it can aid people in understanding each other. We began this article with a song called "Parents Just Don't Understand," but as it turns out, teenagers don't understand well, either. While the Fresh Prince feels that his mother doesn't understand that the other kids will mock him for wearing outdated styles, he doesn't seem to fully listen when his mother explains her reasoning that school is not about showing off designer duds. Part of communicating with teenagers may require the insight that they're not necessarily hearing what you say.
本文開始時引用了一首叫《父母就是不理解》的歌，但事實上，青少年也不是很理解父母。與青少年的有些交流需要認清這樣一個事實：他們未必會聽取你說的話。
But it's the combination of that prefrontal cortex and a heightened need for reward that drives some of the most frustrating teenage behavior. For most adults, climbing hotel balconies or skateboarding off roofs of houses sound like awful ideas. Their prefrontal cortex curbs any impulse to do so, because the possible negative outcomes outweigh any potential thrill. But teenagers may try these things because they're seeking a buzz to satisfy that reward center, while their prefrontal cortex can't register all the risks these actions entail.
但正是前額葉皮層與強烈渴求獎勵的共同作用，促使青少年做出讓人抓狂的事情來。青少年可能會去嘗試冒險，因為他們會為滿足獎勵需求找點樂子，而其前額葉皮層又不能納入這些行為會帶來的所有風險。
This behavior is evident on a much smaller scale as well; when a teenager goes to the mall to watch a movie but comes back with an iPod, then the prefrontal cortex didn't curb the impulse buy. If a teenager spends an hour on the Internet instead of focusing on homework, it's because the teenage brain doesn't register delayed gratification. Even though the teenager can vaguely register that there will be parental punishment later on, the appeal of fun now is too strong.
因為其大腦(前額葉皮層)不能納入延遲了的滿足感，即使青年隱約知道接下來會受到父母的懲罰，只是現時的玩樂誘惑太大了。
To some extent, risk taking may be an evolutionary necessity; otherwise, the teenager would spend his whole life in the basement listening to whatever noise those crazy kids call music these days. To leave the nest, you have to get comfortable taking a few chances. But not being able to reign in thrill-seeking impulses can have devastating effects, particularly when alcohol, nicotine and drugs enter the picture. This is also around the time when teenagers get behind the wheel of a car for the first time, as well as when they might be engaging in sexual behaviors.
為了離開那個窩，你得準備好冒一冒險。但是若不能控制尋求刺激的衝動，就可能產生毀滅性的後果，尤其是當接觸到煙、酒和毒品後。這也差不多是時候讓青少年開始掌一回舵了。
Studies have shown that teenagers are more likely to become addicted to alcohol and drugs [source: Hotz]. In that developing prefrontal cortex, synapses are selected based on whether they're used or not, so behaviors that shape the brain are more likely to be maintained if started at this age. The brain is acting a bit like a sponge; it can soak up new information and change to make room for it, a concept known as plasticity.
研究表明青年人更容易對酒和毒品上癮，在前額葉皮層的成長中，神經鍵的選擇是基於其使用與否，因此，影響大腦的行為若始於這個年紀，就更有可能被保留下來。這就是大家熟知的“可塑性”。
But the teenage years don't have to be all doom and gloom -- plasticity can also help teens pick up new skills. The teen years may be the time when potential poets start scribbling furiously in notebooks and future hoops heroes start really hitting their shots. Before the brain is fully molded is a great time to take up the guitar or learn a new language. Not that teenagers will listen if you tell them this. But just knowing that the teenage brain needs more time and experience to develop may help both parent and child survive adolescence. After all, the Fresh Prince seems to be doing pretty well these days.
青春歲月倒不一定就一片黯淡，“可塑性”也可幫助青少年學會新技術，這個時期可能就是未來詩人在本子上激情塗抹的開始，也可能是未來投籃高手真正投籃得手的開始。
原文出處 Originated from HowStuffWorks "Teen Brain Functions and Behavior"
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